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References & Resources
These are the papers behind what we teach. Each one is labeled with what kind of publication it is, so you know what you are reading before you open it. Some support the framework directly; others are here because they help define its limits. Every link is checked before it is posted.
EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE
Evidence based medicine — new approaches and challenges
Izet Masic, Milan Miokovic, Belma Muhamedagic [Review]
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3789163/
Evidence based medicine: what it is and what it isn't
David L. Sackett, William M.C. Rosenberg, J.A. Muir Gray, R. Brian Haynes, W. Scott Richardson [Editorial — the founding statement]
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8555924/
CRANIAL AND SUTURAL MECHANOBIOLOGY
Responses of intramembranous bone and sutures upon in vivo cyclic tensile and compressive loading
Alexandra I. Peptan, Aurora Lopez, Ross A. Kopher, Jeremy J. Mao [Primary experimental study]
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18032124/
Suture growth modulated by the oscillatory component of micromechanical strain
Ross A. Kopher, Jeremy J. Mao [Primary experimental study]
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12619937/
Mechanobiology of craniofacial sutures
Jeremy J. Mao [Review]
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12454093/
Stretch force guides finger-like pattern of bone formation in suture
Bo-Hai Wu, Xiao-Xing Kou, Ci Zhang, Yi-Mei Zhang, Zhen Cui, Xue-Dong Wang, Yan Liu, Da-Wei Liu, Yan-Heng Zhou [Primary experimental study — rat]
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28472133/
Cyclic loading effects on craniofacial strain and sutural growth in pigs
Shean Han Soh, Katherine L. Rafferty, Susan W. Herring [Primary experimental study — pig]
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30075929/
Effects of increased muscle mass on mouse sagittal suture morphology and mechanics
C.D. Byron, J. Borke, J. Yu, D. Pashley, C.J. Wingard, M. Hamrick [Primary experimental study — mouse]
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15224409/
MAXILLARY EXPANSION — EFFECTS AND ADVERSE EVENTS
Effects of rapid maxillary expansion on the cranial and circummaxillary sutures
Ghoneima et al. [Clinical study — 20 patients, pre/post CT]
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21967938/
Does MARPE therapy have effects on intracranial pressure? A clinical study
Baris Baser, Merve Bolukbasi, Dilek Uzlu, Ahmet Duhan Ozbay [Clinical study — 15 post-pubertal patients; optic nerve sheath diameter measured as a stand-in for intracranial pressure]
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36261817/
Stresses at the cranial base induced by rapid maxillary expansion
Christof Holberg, Ingrid Rudzki-Janson [Finite element simulation — not a clinical study]
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16808557/
Stress distribution and displacement analysis during an intermaxillary disjunction — a three-dimensional FEM study of a human skull
A. Boryor, M. Geiger, A. Hohmann, A. Wunderlich, C. Sander, F.M. Sander, F.G. Sander [Finite element simulation — not a clinical study]
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17949727/
Neuropathy of the infraorbital area following rapid palatal expansion: a case report
Sung Min Kim, Hong-Seop Kho [Case report — one adult patient, miniscrew-assisted expansion]
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41517782/
TRIGEMINAL CIRCUITS AND THE TRIGEMINOCARDIAC REFLEX
Trigeminal, visceral and vestibular inputs may improve cognitive functions by acting through the locus coeruleus and the ascending reticular activating system: a new hypothesis
Vincenzo De Cicco, Maria P. Tramonti Fantozzi, Enrico Cataldo, Massimo Barresi, Luca Bruschini, Ugo Faraguna, Diego Manzoni [Hypothesis paper — the title says so]
https://doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2017.00130
Sleep disorders: is the trigemino-cardiac reflex a missing link?
Tumul Chowdhury, Barkha Bindu, Gyaninder Pal Singh, Bernhard Schaller [Review]
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5326750/
Trigeminal cardiac reflex: new thinking model about the definition based on a literature review
C. Meuwly, E. Golanov, T. Chowdhury, P. Erne, B. Schaller [Review]
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4602726/
Trigeminal cardiac reflex and cerebral blood flow regulation
Dominga Lapi, Rossana Scuri, Antonio Colantuoni [Review]
https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2016.00470
Trigeminocardiac reflex by mandibular extension on rat pial microcirculation: role of nitric oxide
Dominga Lapi, Giovanni Federighi, Maria P. Fantozzi, Cristina Del Seppia, Sergio Ghione, Antonio Colantuoni, et al. [Primary experimental study — rat]
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0115767
Further evidence of a prolonged hypotensive and a bradycardic effect after mandibular extension in normal volunteers
Cristina Del Seppia, Sergio Ghione, Paola Foresi, Enza Fommei, Dominga Lapi, Antonio Colantuoni, Rossana Scuri [Primary study — human volunteers]
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28306134/
Trigeminal nerve control of cerebral blood flow: a brief review
Timothy G. White, Keren Powell, Kevin A. Shah, Henry H. Woo, Raj K. Narayan, Chunyan Li [Mini review]
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33927590/
Electrical stimulation of cranial nerves in cognition and disease
Devin Adair, Dennis Truong, Zeinab Esmaeilpour, Nigel Gebodh, Helen Borges, Libby Ho, J. Douglas Bremner, Bashar W. Badran, Vitaly Napadow, Vincent P. Clark, Marom Bikson [Review — electrical stimulation only]
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2020.02.019
Sensory nerve supply of the human oro- and laryngopharynx: a preliminary study
Liancai Mu, Ira Sanders [Preliminary anatomical study]
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10737859/
DURAL AND CRANIAL INNERVATION
Dural headache and innervation of the dura mater
Wilder Penfield, Francis L. McNaughton [Landmark historical study, 1940 — cited for priority, not as current evidence]
https://doi.org/10.1001/archneurpsyc.1940.02280070051003
Visualization of the tentorial innervation of human dura mater
Sang-Hun Lee, Kang-Jae Shin, Ki-Seok Koh, Wu-Chul Song [Primary anatomical study]
https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.12659
Non-trigeminal nociceptive innervation of the posterior dura: implications to occipital headache
R. Noseda, A. Melo-Carrillo, R.R. Nir, A.M. Strassman, R. Burstein [Primary experimental study — rat; traces nerve bundles from the suboccipital muscles into the cranium]
https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2153-18.2018
SLEEP, CEREBRAL PERFUSION AND CLEARANCE
Coupled electrophysiological, hemodynamic, and cerebrospinal fluid oscillations in human sleep
Nina E. Fultz, et al. [Primary experimental study — human]
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aax5440
Increased cerebral blood flow velocity in children with mild sleep-disordered breathing: a possible association with abnormal neuropsychological function
Catherine M. Hill, Alexandra M. Hogan, Nwanneka Onugha, Dawn Harrison, Sara Cooper, Victoria J. McGrigor, Avijit Datta, Fenella J. Kirkham [Primary study — 21 children with mild disease, 17 controls]
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17015501/
AUTONOMIC REGULATION
Effects of tongue position on mandibular muscle activity and heart rate function
J.E. Schmidt, C.R. Carlson, A.R. Usery, A.S. Quevedo [Primary experimental study]
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19773187/
Relationship between malocclusion and heart rate variability indices in young adults: a pilot study
Ekuni et al. [Pilot study]
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20963256/
Swallowing-induced atrial tachycardia associated with sympathetic activation: a case report
Xinlu Wang, Junmeng Zhang, Liting Cheng, Ziyu Wang, Zefeng Wang, Yongquan Wu [Case report — one patient, following prior catheter ablation]
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32335984/
FASCIA
The histochemical structure of the deep fascia and its structural response to surgery
D. McCombe, T. Brown, J. Slavin, W.A. Morrison [Primary study]
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11281657/
Meaning of the solid and liquid fascia to reconsider the model of biotensegrity
Bruno Bordoni, David Lintonbon, Bruno Morabito [Review — proposes a conceptual model]
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30197845/
Fascial plasticity — a new neurobiological explanation, Part 1
Robert Schleip [Review — Part 1 of two]
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1360-8592(02)00067-0
Fascial plasticity — a new neurobiological explanation, Part 2
Robert Schleip [Review — Part 2 of two]
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1360-8592(02)00076-1
Analysis of the presence of the hyaluronic acid inside the deep fasciae and in the muscles
C. Stecco, A. Porzionato, V. Macchi, A. Stecco, R. Stern, R. De Caro [Conference abstract — not a full paper]
https://oajournals.fupress.net/index.php/ijae/article/view/4753
AIRWAY AND SLEEP-DISORDERED BREATHING
Biomarkers of gut barrier dysfunction in obstructive sleep apnea: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Saif Mashaqi, Pooja Rangan, Ahlam A. Saleh, Ivo Abraham, David Gozal, Stuart F. Quan, Sairam Parthasarathy [Systematic review and meta-analysis]
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37028145/
Altered 5-HT2A/C receptor binding in the medulla oblongata in sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS): Part I
Robin L. Haynes, Felicia Trachtenberg, Ryan Darnall, Elisabeth A. Haas, Richard D. Goldstein, Othon J. Mena, Henry F. Krous, Hannah C. Kinney [Primary study — Part I of two]
https://doi.org/10.1093/jnen/nlad031
Altered 5-HT2A/C receptor binding in the medulla oblongata in the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS): Part II. Age-associated alterations in serotonin receptor binding profiles within medullary nuclei supporting cardiorespiratory homeostasis
K.J. Cummings, J.C. Leiter, F.L. Trachtenberg, B.W. Okaty, R.A. Darnall, E.A. Haas, et al.; R.L. Haynes [Primary study — Part II of two]
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38323418/
Sleep apnea pathophysiology
Giovanni Andrisani, Giorgia Andrisani [Literature review]
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11325-023-02783-7
Healthy humans with a narrow upper airway maintain patency during quiet breathing by dilating the airway during inspiration
Shaokoon Cheng, Elizabeth C. Brown, Alice Hatt, Jane E. Butler, Simon C. Gandevia, Lynne E. Bilston [Primary study — human]
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25217376/
PHOTOBIOMODULATION — MECHANISM AND WAVELENGTH
Utilization of the 1064 nm wavelength in photobiomodulation: a systematic review and meta-analysis
William Todd Penberthy, Charles E. Vorwaller [Systematic review and meta-analysis — musculoskeletal, wound and gynecological indications; no craniofacial, intraoral or pediatric studies included]
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35155171/
Comparison of the penetration depth of 905 nm and 1064 nm laser light in surface layers of biological tissue ex vivo
Leon Kaub, Christoph Schmitz [Ex vivo laboratory study — porcine skin and bovine muscle; the 1064 nm advantage was up to 5.9% and confined to the upper 10 mm of tissue]
https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11051355
Shining light on the head: photobiomodulation for brain disorders
Michael R. Hamblin [Review — transcranial delivery]
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27752476/
Mechanisms and applications of the anti-inflammatory effects of photobiomodulation
Michael R. Hamblin [Review]
https://doi.org/10.3934/biophy.2017.3.337
Analysis of laser–fat interaction through comparing 980 nm diode laser with 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser
A. Majdabadi, M. Abazari [Laboratory study]
https://doi.org/10.17795/jssc17793
Proposed mechanisms of photobiomodulation or low-level light therapy
Lucas Freitas de Freitas, Michael R. Hamblin [Review]
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28070154/
Interplay between up-regulation of cytochrome-c-oxidase and hemoglobin oxygenation induced by near-infrared laser
X. Wang, F. Tian, S.S. Soni, F. Gonzalez-Lima, H. Liu [Primary study — human, in vivo, 1064 nm]
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27484673/
PHOTOBIOMODULATION IN NEONATES AND CHILDREN
The published literature applying photobiomodulation to newborns and children is very small, was not done at 1064 nm, and did not measure neurological or functional outcomes. What it does show is that this therapy has been used in small clinical series without reported adverse events. It does not support a claim that it works.
Pilot study in neonates using low-level laser therapy in the immediate postoperative period of myelomeningocele
Nathali Cordeiro Pinto, Fernando Campos Gomes Pinto, Eduardo Joaquim Lopes Alho, Elisabeth Matheus Yoshimura, Vera Lucia Jornada Krebs, Manoel Jacobsen Teixeira, Maria Cristina Chavantes [Pilot study — 13 neonates, compared against 23 previously operated patients; 685 nm at 21 mW; outcome measured was surgical wound dehiscence]
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26761745/
Novel treatment immediately after myelomeningocele repair applying low-level laser therapy in newborns: a pilot study
Fernando C. Pinto, M. Cristina Chavantes, Nathali C. Pinto, Eduardo J.L. Alho, Elisabeth M. Yoshimura, Hamilton Matushita, Vera L.J. Krebs, Manoel J. Teixeira [Pilot study — a separate paper from the same research group]
https://doi.org/10.1159/000319363
TONGUE AND SUBLINGUAL ANATOMY
What is a tongue tie? Defining the anatomy of the in-situ lingual frenulum
Nikki Mills, Seth M. Pransky, Donna T. Geddes, S. Ali Mirjalili [Primary anatomical study]
https://doi.org/10.1002/ca.23343
THE ALF APPLIANCE
The significance of cranial factors in diagnosis and treatment with the Advanced Lightwire Appliance
Gavin A. James, Dennis Strokon [Clinical article — International Journal of Orthodontics]
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280686742
Cranial strains and malocclusion VIII: palatal expansion
Gavin A. James, Dennis Strokon [Clinical article with case reports — part VIII of a series]
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20128327/
ALF correction of facial and postural asymmetry
Dennis Strokon [Case report]
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20397515/
CONTEXT AND CRITICISM
Short on evidence, dubious therapies turn to the tongue
Christina Szalinski, Undark, September 8, 2021 [Journalism — critical coverage, included deliberately]
https://undark.org/2021/09/08/short-on-evidence-dubious-therapies-turn-to-the-tongue/
This article raises two criticisms that are not about evidence at all: that these therapies have no standardized protocol, and that practitioners have no system of licensure. Both are fair points. Both are what defined protocols and structured training exist to address, and both are why this Academy trains the way it does.
RESOURCES
2020 Baby: The functional anatomy of sucking and swallowing in breastfed babies, Part 1
[Podcast episode]
